Determination of Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil

This article by Ian Yelle discusses the importance of determining organic chloride content in crude oil. It highlights the potential for severe corrosion in refinery systems due to organic chlorides, which are typically introduced through additives or chemicals used in oil recovery processes.

Organic chlorides in crude oil are known to cause severe corrosion in crude tower overhead systems. As a result, total organic chloride's refinery specifications are to accept no more than 1 mg/kg in the crude oil sample. Accurate determination of total organic chlorides is crucial to the producer involved in custody transfer to ensure their product's midstream acceptance.

Organic chlorides are compounds containing a carbon-chlorine bond, which are widely used in the oil field as a wax dissolver. They are generally not present in crude oils and are typically the result of additives, cleaning solutions, or chemicals used for oil recovery.

The presence of even a minimal amount of chlorides (a few ppm) can be catastrophic during crude oil fractionation in the refineries. In this process, organic chlorides become hydrochloric acid, which is highly corrosive and can cause considerable damage to distillation overhead systems.

For this reason, it is essential for producers of crude oil to have a good knowledge of the organic chlorides present in their products, particularly when transfer of custody is involved. They must meet refinery specification at no more than 1 mg/kg in the crude oil product they are producing or transferring.

 

Organic chloride analysis

Organic chloride content in crude oil can be detected through specialized laboratory analysis. Care and attention are essential while sampling and testing; chloride compounds are present everywhere and can easily be introduced into a sample by improper sampling procedures, contaminated sampling canisters, or even improper storage. 

Testing for organic chlorides is completed on the naphtha fraction of crude where distillation is performed to 204°C (400°F). ASTM D4929 is the preferred test method set forward by industry standards for the determination of organic chloride in crude oils. 

The challenge with the distillation of crude oil test specimens is to recover enough naphtha fraction, particularly when testing heavy crude. Enough samples must be recovered to allow for proper washing to remove trace inorganic contaminants, such as H2S and salts, while not introducing any potential sources of bias. 

Distillation must be carefully performed to avoid conditions that would favor decomposition (cracking) and salt hydrolysis, which, when combined, have the potential for organic chloride formation. Rapid distillation with high heat temperatures can create these undesirable conditions and must be avoided to prevent a high bias in the test results.

 

The Element advantage

Element’s Energy Fluids laboratory uses the ASTM D4929 method to test the organic chloride content in crude oil. The ISO 17025 accredited lab has a proven track record for preventing false positives of our organic chloride test results and takes part in ‘organic chloride content in crude oil proficiency testing’ twice a year, which allows for full confidence in the accuracy of our results.

Our team of experts has perfected procedures to maximize difficult naptha recoveries from heavy crudes while preventing contamination. Our services help upstream producers of crude oil, midstream blenders, and pipelines to ensure that their product is free of corrosive halogens, which is essential prior to delivery at the refinery. 

For more information on organic chloride analysis in crude oil, or to speak with one of our experts contact us today.